Health Inequality between Ethnic Minority and Han Populations in China by Y. Ouygang and P. Pinstrup-Andersen, World Development, 40(7): 1452-1468. (Full paper here.)
Since China abandoned the socialist planned economy and switched to a market-oriented economy in 1978, the international community has become increasingly familiar with this country and its people. Consequently, abundant empirical studies have been conducted to understand China’s economic development and the well-being of the Chinese people.
Most of these studies, however, have focused only on the Han, the dominant ethnic group in China, which accounts for about 91.6% of the country’s total population. In contrast, there exist surprisingly few English-language empirical studies on the remaining 8.4%, representing 114 million individuals (Sixth National Population Census of 2010 (NBS communiqué on 2010 population census (No. 1)) who belong to 55 ethnic minority tribes. These minority tribes are different from the Han in many important aspects, including culture and religion, language and education, geographic location and natural endowments, means of sustenance, diet, and health and nutrition.
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The central government in China has always stressed that all minority territories are “inalienable parts of China” and that “Han chauvinism” in any form will be firmly opposed (Article 4 of the 1982 State Constitution of China). The central government has also enacted a series of policies in favor of its ethnic minority population, spanning a broad spectrum of aspects from education to family planning. In addition, many local governments have designed programs and undertaken measures to benefit local ethnic minority communities. In recent years, an increasing number of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), both domestic and international, have also initiated efforts to help improve the well-being of ethnic minority Chinese.
It is thus natural to ask: How do minority Chinese fare compared with Han Chinese? Using health as a proxy measure of human welfare, we examine whether minorities have become better off than the Han during the 17 years from 1989 to 2006, and if not, what could contribute to their welfare disadvantage.